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Dose, dosage, доза, дозировка

Доза — количество лекарственного препарата (действующего вещества) на один прием. Слово «дозировка», по-видимому, происходит от слова «дозировать» и обозначает не только количество ЛП на один прием, но и количество приемов, продолжительность применения и пр. (все указания врача по приему препарата).

Надо сказать, что «дозировка» — термин более расплывчатый, нежели «доза». Суточная, курсовая, терапевтическая, высшая разовая, высшая суточная… — все это дозы, а не дозировки. Но иногда слово «дозировка» употребляют и в значении «доза». Переводчикам я советую для ясности этого избегать. Запомнить различие достаточно просто. Доза — это только количество. Дозировка — это процесс (продолжительность, кратность приема), дозирование.

Под дозировкой также понимают содержание действующего вещества в единице лекарственной формы (таблетке, капсуле, суппозитории и пр.).

В английском, к счастью, dose соответствует дозе, а dosage — дозировке (см. пояснение на английском). Дозирование — dosing.

И еще:

Dosing regimen (dosage regimen) — режим дозирования. Включает в себя все то, что входит в понятие «дозировка».

Dose adjusment — коррекция дозы (пациент принимал 5 мг 2 раза в день, а стал принимать 10 мг, но также 2 раза в день). Dosage adjustment (dosing adjustment), соответственно, будет переводиться как «коррекция дозировки» (например, изменяется кратность приема препарата). Хотя, если задуматься, коррекция дозировки в итоге все равно приводит к коррекции дозы (только не разовой, а суточной или курсовой, например). Может, поэтому чаще говорят все-таки о коррекции дозы? Если не уверены в деталях, пишите лучше «коррекция дозы».

gia bawerk exclusive

26 апреля 2015 Elmitera | 16 комментариев

At the heart of the "Exclusive" line lies a fundamental tension: the rigidity of architecture softened by the fluidity of the female form. A Gia Bawerk piece is instantly recognizable by its sculptural integrity. These are garments that possess a skeleton—corsetry, boning, and sharp tailoring—yet they move with a breathless, liquid grace.

The brand rejects the notion that modern elegance must be minimal to the point of sterility. Instead, it embraces "maximalist restraint." The silhouettes are bold and commanding, often playing with negative space and geometric cut-outs, but the palette remains refined—monochromatic power suits, pristine ivory couture, and the deepest midnight blues.

Luxury watches have become an alternative asset class. According to the Knight Frank Luxury Investment Index, high-end timepieces outperformed art, cars, and whiskey over the last five years. Within this index, Gia Bawerk Exclusive pieces are classified as "Ultra-Hard Assets."

When collectors search for "Gia Bawerk Exclusive," they are usually looking for three specific legacy models. Here is the breakdown of the core lineup.

To give you a precise write-up, please clarify:

If you meant Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, the economic write-up above is accurate. If it is a fashion or real estate brand, please provide a link or photo description, and I will refine the analysis accordingly.

Introduction

Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk (1851-1914) was an Austrian economist and a leading figure in the Austrian School of economics. He is best known for his work on capital and interest, which laid the foundation for modern Austrian economics. Böhm-Bawerk's exclusive contributions to economics are still widely studied and respected today, and his work remains a cornerstone of Austrian economic thought.

Life and Academic Career

Böhm-Bawerk was born in Brno, Moravia (now part of the Czech Republic) in 1851. He studied law and economics at the University of Vienna, where he later became a professor of economics. Böhm-Bawerk served as the Austrian Minister of Finance on three separate occasions and was a key figure in the development of the Austrian School of economics.

The Positive Theory of Capital

Böhm-Bawerk's most famous work is his three-volume magnum opus, "The Positive Theory of Capital" (1889). In this work, he developed a comprehensive theory of capital and interest, which challenged the prevailing views of his time. Böhm-Bawerk argued that capital is not a factor of production, but rather a tool used to facilitate production. He also introduced the concept of "roundaboutness," which refers to the indirectness of production processes.

The Concept of Roundaboutness

Böhm-Bawerk's concept of roundaboutness is central to his theory of capital and interest. He argued that production processes can be more or less roundabout, depending on the degree to which they involve indirect production methods. For example, a farmer who grows wheat and then sells it to a miller, who then grinds it into flour, is engaging in a more roundabout production process than a farmer who simply grows wheat and sells it directly to consumers.

The Theory of Interest

Böhm-Bawerk's theory of interest is based on his concept of roundaboutness. He argued that interest is a premium paid to entrepreneurs for their willingness to delay consumption and invest in roundabout production processes. In other words, interest is a payment for the sacrifice of present consumption, which allows for more productive and efficient production processes.

The Three Causes of Interest

Böhm-Bawerk identified three causes of interest:

The Exclusive Contributions of Böhm-Bawerk

Böhm-Bawerk's exclusive contributions to economics can be summarized as follows:

Influence and Legacy

Böhm-Bawerk's work on capital and interest has had a lasting impact on economics. His ideas have influenced a wide range of economists, including Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and Murray Rothbard. Böhm-Bawerk's work remains a cornerstone of Austrian economic thought and continues to be studied by economists around the world.

Conclusion

Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk was a pioneering economist who made significant contributions to our understanding of capital and interest. His exclusive contributions to economics, including his theory of capital and interest, the concept of roundaboutness, and the three causes of interest, remain widely studied and respected today. Böhm-Bawerk's work continues to influence economic thought and remains a vital part of the Austrian School of economics.

References

Note: As of my last knowledge update, "Gia Bawerk" does not correspond to a widely known public figure, mainstream brand, or historical personality (though the surname resembles the economist Eugen Böhm von Bawerk). The following article is crafted as a fictional, conceptual brand profile based on the linguistic and stylistic implications of the phrase "Exclusive."


The flagship of the lineup. This watch eschews the traditional tourbillon cage. Instead, the entire movement rotates inside the case once every 60 seconds. This "Floating Carriage" requires 10 times the energy of a standard tourbillon. The Exclusive variant is cased in "Sphärokobalt" – a cobalt-chromium alloy that self-heals micro-abrasions under body heat.

Англоязычные интернет-ресурсы по анатомии, физиологии и патологии нервной системы человека

Организаторы курса Medical Neuroscience и студенты собрали множество полезных ресурсов по неврологии. Хочу поделиться с вами наиболее ценными из них. Все ресурсы на английском (есть два платных, остальные бесплатные). Сразу оговорюсь, что я далеко не все подробно изучала.

Учебники

— основной учебник курса под названием Neuroscience (5-е издание 2012 г.). В рунете можно найти отсканированное предыдущее издание (2008 г.). Книга дополняется сайтом, где, уже бесплатно, можно посмотреть анимации по многим тематикам и пройти тесты по книге. Там же есть толковый словарь;

— онлайн-учебник по неврологии Техасского университета. У меня почему-то в Chrome не хватает плагинов для просмотра интерактивных элементов (и не пишут каких). Может, кто-нибудь подскажет, как с этим справиться?

— еще два онлайн-учебника, Колумбийского университета и Вашингтонского университета. На любой вкус :).

Анатомия

— интерактивный анатомический атлас Sylvius 4, доступ платный. Атлас разработан авторами книги, и преподаватель Medical Neuroscience пользуется им на лекциях. Я доступ к атласу не покупала, потому что не было времени его изучать, но сделано все очень хорошо. Впрочем, есть и множество бесплатных ресурсов;

атлас ствола головного мозга;

— анатомия поверхности головного мозга в 3D. Сайт http://www.g2conline.org/, раздел 3D Brain;

— еще один интерактивный атлас головного мозга и спинного мозга (МРТ, гистология, объемные препараты, 3D);

атлас головного мозга (срезы, гистология, МРТ, 3D и многое другое);

— и еще один интерактивный атлас (Колумбийский университет. Интересно, у нас сколько университетов, создающих подобные ресурсы?);

модель головного мозга в 3D, программа для компьютера;

— еще одна 3D-модель головного мозга;

МРТ головного мозга;

— еще одна 3D-модель и много других анимаций по работе нервной системы;

— снова МРТ головного мозга (Дюкский университет, организаторы курса);

анатомия головного мозга в срезах;

презентация по анатомии спинного мозга;

— атлас головного мозга в период эмбрионального развития;

своеобразный интерактивный учебник, который можно использовать для проверки знаний (Университет Юты).

Патология

— презентации: поражения ствола мозга и спинного мозга;

анатомия головного мозга с кратким экскурсом в патологию;

разбор клинических случаев;

И в качестве бонуса — подкасты по неврологии на NEURO.tv.

gia bawerk exclusive

11 апреля 2015 Elmitera | 5 комментариев

Терминология клинических исследований

Увидела сегодня в Доме книги на Фрунзенской англо-русский словарь по клиническим исследованиям. Вышел в 2014 г., издан качественно (в руках держать приятно), небольшого формата. Ниже фотографии из магазина:

image

image (1)

image (2)

В Доме книги он стоит (внимание!) 1705 руб. (Пруф.)

На сайте издательства — 900 руб, а за 350 руб. можно купить электронную версию в pdf (что я и сделала; дополню пост, когда получу файл). Я это выяснила за 2 минуты, стоя в магазине :).

У тех же авторов есть еще книга по клиническим исследованиям, стоит столько же. Я еще тоже купила в комплект к словарю, потом поделюсь впечатлениями.

gia bawerk exclusive

10 апреля 2015 Elmitera | 10 комментариев

Gia Bawerk Exclusive File

At the heart of the "Exclusive" line lies a fundamental tension: the rigidity of architecture softened by the fluidity of the female form. A Gia Bawerk piece is instantly recognizable by its sculptural integrity. These are garments that possess a skeleton—corsetry, boning, and sharp tailoring—yet they move with a breathless, liquid grace.

The brand rejects the notion that modern elegance must be minimal to the point of sterility. Instead, it embraces "maximalist restraint." The silhouettes are bold and commanding, often playing with negative space and geometric cut-outs, but the palette remains refined—monochromatic power suits, pristine ivory couture, and the deepest midnight blues.

Luxury watches have become an alternative asset class. According to the Knight Frank Luxury Investment Index, high-end timepieces outperformed art, cars, and whiskey over the last five years. Within this index, Gia Bawerk Exclusive pieces are classified as "Ultra-Hard Assets."

When collectors search for "Gia Bawerk Exclusive," they are usually looking for three specific legacy models. Here is the breakdown of the core lineup.

To give you a precise write-up, please clarify:

If you meant Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, the economic write-up above is accurate. If it is a fashion or real estate brand, please provide a link or photo description, and I will refine the analysis accordingly.

Introduction

Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk (1851-1914) was an Austrian economist and a leading figure in the Austrian School of economics. He is best known for his work on capital and interest, which laid the foundation for modern Austrian economics. Böhm-Bawerk's exclusive contributions to economics are still widely studied and respected today, and his work remains a cornerstone of Austrian economic thought.

Life and Academic Career

Böhm-Bawerk was born in Brno, Moravia (now part of the Czech Republic) in 1851. He studied law and economics at the University of Vienna, where he later became a professor of economics. Böhm-Bawerk served as the Austrian Minister of Finance on three separate occasions and was a key figure in the development of the Austrian School of economics.

The Positive Theory of Capital

Böhm-Bawerk's most famous work is his three-volume magnum opus, "The Positive Theory of Capital" (1889). In this work, he developed a comprehensive theory of capital and interest, which challenged the prevailing views of his time. Böhm-Bawerk argued that capital is not a factor of production, but rather a tool used to facilitate production. He also introduced the concept of "roundaboutness," which refers to the indirectness of production processes.

The Concept of Roundaboutness

Böhm-Bawerk's concept of roundaboutness is central to his theory of capital and interest. He argued that production processes can be more or less roundabout, depending on the degree to which they involve indirect production methods. For example, a farmer who grows wheat and then sells it to a miller, who then grinds it into flour, is engaging in a more roundabout production process than a farmer who simply grows wheat and sells it directly to consumers.

The Theory of Interest

Böhm-Bawerk's theory of interest is based on his concept of roundaboutness. He argued that interest is a premium paid to entrepreneurs for their willingness to delay consumption and invest in roundabout production processes. In other words, interest is a payment for the sacrifice of present consumption, which allows for more productive and efficient production processes.

The Three Causes of Interest

Böhm-Bawerk identified three causes of interest:

The Exclusive Contributions of Böhm-Bawerk gia bawerk exclusive

Böhm-Bawerk's exclusive contributions to economics can be summarized as follows:

Influence and Legacy

Böhm-Bawerk's work on capital and interest has had a lasting impact on economics. His ideas have influenced a wide range of economists, including Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and Murray Rothbard. Böhm-Bawerk's work remains a cornerstone of Austrian economic thought and continues to be studied by economists around the world.

Conclusion

Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk was a pioneering economist who made significant contributions to our understanding of capital and interest. His exclusive contributions to economics, including his theory of capital and interest, the concept of roundaboutness, and the three causes of interest, remain widely studied and respected today. Böhm-Bawerk's work continues to influence economic thought and remains a vital part of the Austrian School of economics.

References

Note: As of my last knowledge update, "Gia Bawerk" does not correspond to a widely known public figure, mainstream brand, or historical personality (though the surname resembles the economist Eugen Böhm von Bawerk). The following article is crafted as a fictional, conceptual brand profile based on the linguistic and stylistic implications of the phrase "Exclusive."


The flagship of the lineup. This watch eschews the traditional tourbillon cage. Instead, the entire movement rotates inside the case once every 60 seconds. This "Floating Carriage" requires 10 times the energy of a standard tourbillon. The Exclusive variant is cased in "Sphärokobalt" – a cobalt-chromium alloy that self-heals micro-abrasions under body heat.

gia bawerk exclusivegia bawerk exclusive