If you just want to test DSpace 7 on Windows 10, Docker is easier:
git clone https://github.com/DSpace/dspace-docker.git
cd dspace-docker
docker-compose -f docker-compose.yml up -d
Access at http://localhost:4000
To install DSpace 7 on Windows 10, you must set up two distinct components: the Backend (REST API) and the Frontend (Angular User Interface). 1. Hardware & System Requirements Operating System: Windows 10 (64-bit recommended).
Memory (RAM): 8–12 GB minimum for a stable local environment (4 GB is the absolute bare minimum but prone to issues). Storage: 20 GB or more of disk space. 2. Prerequisite Software
Install and configure these core dependencies before attempting the DSpace installation:
Java JDK 11: Required for the backend. Set the JAVA_HOME environment variable to your JDK path (e.g., C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-11.0.x).
PostgreSQL 11+: DSpace uses this for its relational database. Ensure the pgcrypto extension is installed. Apache Tomcat 9: The servlet container for the backend.
Apache Solr 8.x: Essential for search functionality. Note that Solr must now be installed separately from DSpace.
Apache Maven 3.3+ & Apache Ant 1.10+: Tools used to build and install the DSpace code. Node.js & Yarn: Required for the Angular frontend. 3. Backend Installation Steps
Database Setup: Create a dspace user and database in PostgreSQL. Grant all privileges to the user and run CREATE EXTENSION pgcrypto;.
Configuration: Rename local.cfg.EXAMPLE to local.cfg in your source directory and update the database credentials and the dspace.dir path (e.g., C:/dspace). Build & Install: Navigate to the source folder and run mvn package.
Go to dspace\target\dspace-installer and run ant fresh_install.
Deployment: Copy the server folder from your DSpace installation webapps directory to the Tomcat webapps folder. 4. Frontend Installation Steps
Download Source: Clone or download the dspace-angular repository.
Install Dependencies: Run yarn install in the frontend directory.
Configure Environment: Create a config.prod.yml (or similar for your version) and point the rest host to your local backend (typically localhost:8080/server).
Launch: For development, use yarn start. For a production-like local setup on Windows, use PM2 in cluster mode as required for Windows compatibility.
These video guides provide step-by-step visual walkthroughs for both the backend and frontend setup on Windows: DSpace Installation on Windows OS-English 3K views · 4 years ago YouTube · Spoken-Tutorial IIT Bombay Installation dspace 7.x version on Windows 10/11. 14K views · 3 years ago
YouTube · Hoang Loc Official Guitar Viet Nam and OpenSource
Installing DSpace 7 on Windows 10 is a complex process because the platform has transitioned to a modern, decoupled architecture. Unlike previous versions, DSpace 7 consists of two distinct parts: a Java-based REST API (backend) and an Angular-based User Interface (frontend).
While DSpace is natively designed for Linux environments, you can successfully run it on Windows 10 for development or testing purposes by following this structured guide. 🛠️ Prerequisites and System Requirements
Before starting, ensure your Windows 10 machine has at least 8GB of RAM (16GB recommended) and the following software installed: Java JDK 11 or 17: The backend runs on Java. Apache Maven 3.6+: Used to build the Java source code. PostgreSQL 11-15: The database engine. Apache Tomcat 9: The web server for the backend. Node.js (v16 or v18): Required for the Angular frontend. Yarn: Package manager for the frontend. Git for Windows: To clone the repositories. Solr 8.11: The search engine component. 1. Database Setup (PostgreSQL) Install PostgreSQL and open pgAdmin 4.
Create a new Login/Group Role named dspace with a password (e.g., dspace).
Create a new Database named dspace, owned by the dspace user. Enable the pgcrypto extension on the dspace database: Open Query Tool and run: CREATE EXTENSION pgcrypto; 2. Backend Installation (Server) Download and Configure
Download the DSpace 7 Server source code from GitHub or the official website. Extract the files to a directory like C:\dspace-src. Navigate to C:\dspace-src\dspace\config. Copy local.cfg.EXAMPLE and rename it to local.cfg.
Edit local.cfg with your database credentials and installation path: dspace.dir = C:/dspace db.url = jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/dspace dspace.server.url = http://localhost:8080/server dspace.ui.url = http://localhost:4000 Build the Backend Open Command Prompt as Administrator in C:\dspace-src. Run: mvn package
Once finished, navigate to C:\dspace-src\dspace\target\dspace-installer. Run: ant fresh_install
Note: You may need to install Apache Ant if not already present. 3. Configuring Apache Tomcat
Copy the contents of C:\dspace\webapps to your Tomcat webapps folder.
In Tomcat’s conf/server.xml, ensure the connector is set to UTF-8:
Start the Tomcat service. You should be able to access the API at http://localhost:8080/server. 4. Solr Search Engine Setup Download Solr 8.11.x and extract it.
Copy the DSpace Solr cores from C:\dspace\solr to your Solr server/solr/configsets directory. Start Solr: bin\solr.cmd start.
Create the DSpace cores (authority, oai, search, statistics) using the Solr admin interface or command line. 5. Frontend Installation (User Interface) Clone the dspace-angular repository.
Open a terminal in the folder and run: npm install (or yarn install). Create a config/config.prod.yml file. Set the rest connection settings to point to your backend: ssl: false, host: localhost, port: 8080, nameSpace: /server Build the UI: npm run build:prod. Start the UI: npm run serve:ssr. Access the interface at http://localhost:4000. 💡 Troubleshooting Tips
Memory Issues: If Maven or Node.js crashes, increase your heap size (e.g., set NODE_OPTIONS=--max_old_space_size=4096).
File Paths: Always use forward slashes / in local.cfg even on Windows to avoid escape character errors.
Administrator Rights: Always run your command prompts or PowerShell windows as an Administrator to prevent permission errors during the build.
If you'd like to dive deeper into a specific step, tell me if you need help with: Configuring HTTPS for local production testing Setting up Solr cores manually via the command line
Creating the first administrator account using the dspace CLI
Installing DSpace 7 on Windows 10 is possible but significantly more complex than previous versions because it requires managing both a Backend (Java) and a Frontend (Node.js). While Linux is the more common environment for DSpace, you can set it up on Windows by carefully following these steps. System Requirements
Operating System: 64-bit Professional, Education, or Enterprise editions of Windows 10 are supported (Home edition is not).
Memory: 8–12 GB RAM recommended (DSpace 7 parts like Solr, Node.js, and Tomcat are memory-intensive). Storage: 20 GB minimum free disk space. Prerequisite Software
You must install and configure these before starting the DSpace installation:
Java JDK 11 or 17: Must be the full Development Kit (JDK), not just the JRE.
PostgreSQL (12.x – 17.x): Required database with the pgcrypto extension enabled.
Apache Solr (8.11.x): Essential for search; unlike older versions, Solr must be installed as a separate standalone service. dspace 7 installation on windows 10
Apache Maven (3.5.4+) & Apache Ant (1.10.x): Tools used for building the DSpace backend.
Apache Tomcat 9: The servlet engine to run the DSpace web application.
Node.js & Yarn: Required to build and run the new Angular frontend. Installation Steps 1. Backend Configuration
Database Setup: Create a dspace user and database in PostgreSQL with UTF-8 encoding.
Environment Variables: Set JAVA_HOME, ANT_HOME, and MAVEN_HOME in your Windows System Variables. Add their \bin folders to your Path.
Source Code: Download the DSpace 7 backend source code, modify local.cfg to match your database and installation directory, then run mvn package from the command line.
Deployment: Use ant fresh_install to build the files, then copy the webapps (like server) to your Tomcat webapps folder. 2. Frontend Configuration
Install Dependencies: Clone the dspace-angular repository and run yarn install.
Configure API: Update the environment.prod.ts file to point to your local backend REST API (usually http://localhost:8080/server/api).
Start UI: Run yarn start or yarn build to launch the user interface. Easier Alternative: Docker
The official DSpace team recommends using Docker Desktop for Windows. This allows you to run all components (Database, Solr, Backend, and Frontend) in pre-configured containers with a single command, bypassing most manual configuration issues on Windows. Performance Tuning DSpace - LYRASIS Wiki
Installing DSpace 7 on Windows 10 is a complex process that involves setting up two distinct layers: the Backend (Server API) Frontend (User Interface)
. While most production instances run on UNIX-like systems, Windows 10 is fully supported for development and local testing. LYRASIS Wiki 1. Hardware & System Requirements
For a stable installation, ensure your Windows 10 machine meets these minimums: LYRASIS Wiki Memory (RAM)
: At least 8–12GB (4GB is the absolute bare minimum and prone to crashes). PostgreSQL Operating System : Windows 10 (64-bit recommended). LYRASIS Wiki 2. Prerequisite Software Checklist
You must install and configure these dependencies before touching the DSpace code: LYRASIS Wiki : Version 11 or 17 (OpenJDK or Oracle). PostgreSQL : Version 12.x to 17.x with extension installed. Apache Tomcat : Version 9 (Servlet engine). Apache Solr
: Version 8.x (Now required as a separate standalone installation for DSpace 7). Build Tools : Apache Maven (3.5.4+) and Apache Ant (1.10.x+). : Version 12.x, 14.x, or 16.x for the Frontend. : Package manager for the Frontend. : Required for version control and some build processes. LYRASIS Wiki 3. Backend Installation Steps
The backend provides the REST API that the user interface interacts with. www.unirepos.com Database Setup PostgreSQL , create a user and a database with UTF-8 encoding. Source Code : Download the backend release from the DSpace GitHub Configuration
to set your database credentials, file storage paths, and the URL for your Solr server. mvn package to generate the installation files, followed by ant fresh_install to deploy the binaries. Admin Account
: Create the initial administrator via the command line tool: dspace create-administrator LYRASIS Wiki 4. Frontend Installation Steps
The frontend is a modern Angular application that runs independently of the backend. Installing DSpace - Confluence Mobile - LYRASIS Wiki
Installing DSpace 7 on Windows 10 represents a significant shift from previous versions, moving to a modern, decoupled architecture consisting of a Java-based REST API (Backend) and an Angular-based User Interface (Frontend).
The following essay outlines the prerequisites, the backend and frontend setup, and the final integration of the system. 1. System Requirements and Prerequisites
Before installation, your system must meet specific hardware and software standards. A minimum of 8–12 GB of RAM is recommended, as the frontend and backend together consume substantial memory.
Java Development Kit (JDK): Version 11 or 17 is required (JRE is insufficient).
Database: PostgreSQL (versions 12.x through 17.x are supported) with the pgcrypto extension enabled.
Search Engine: Apache Solr 8.x, which must now be installed as a separate standalone service. Build Tools: Apache Maven 3.5.4+ and Apache Ant 1.10.x. Web Server: Apache Tomcat 9 for the backend.
Frontend Requirements: Node.js (LTS version) and the Yarn package manager. 2. Backend Installation (REST API)
The backend serves as the engine of the repository, managing data storage and business logic.
Database Configuration: Create a dspace user and database in PostgreSQL. You must run CREATE EXTENSION pgcrypto; on the dspace database to enable required cryptographic functions.
Source Code Preparation: Download the DSpace backend source code and configure the local.cfg file. Key settings include dspace.dir (installation path), dspace.server.url, and dspace.ui.url.
Building the Package: Use Maven to compile the source code by running mvn package in the source directory.
Deployment: Navigate to the generated installer directory and run ant fresh_install. This installs the binaries to your chosen DSpace directory.
Tomcat and Solr Setup: Deploy the server webapp to Tomcat’s webapps folder and copy the DSpace Solr cores into your standalone Solr installation. 3. Frontend Installation (User Interface)
The DSpace 7 UI is an Angular application that communicates with the backend via the REST API.
Dependency Installation: Extract the dspace-angular source and run yarn install to fetch necessary libraries.
Configuration: Create a production configuration file (e.g., config.prod.yml). Ensure the rest section correctly points to your backend’s URL. Production Build: Compile the UI using yarn build:prod.
Process Management: It is highly recommended to use PM2 to manage the Node.js process on Windows, ensuring the frontend stays active. 4. Integration and Verification
Once both components are running, you must create an initial administrator account using the command dspace create-administrator from the backend's bin folder. Successful installation is confirmed when the Angular UI loads in a browser and successfully authenticates against the REST API. DSpace 7 Installation Guide for Windows 10 | PDF - Scribd
Installing DSpace 7 on Windows 10: A Step-by-Step Review
DSpace is a popular open-source digital repository software used by libraries, archives, and museums to preserve and provide access to digital content. The latest version, DSpace 7, offers a range of new features and improvements, including a modernized user interface, enhanced search functionality, and better support for linked data. In this review, we'll walk through the process of installing DSpace 7 on Windows 10, highlighting the requirements, challenges, and best practices to ensure a smooth installation.
System Requirements
Before starting the installation, ensure your Windows 10 machine meets the minimum system requirements:
Step 1: Install Required Software
To install DSpace 7, you'll need to install the required software components:
Step 2: Clone the DSpace 7 Repository
Open a command prompt or terminal and navigate to the directory where you want to install DSpace 7. Clone the DSpace 7 repository from GitHub using the following command:
git clone https://github.com/DSpace/DSpace.git
Step 3: Checkout the Release Tag
Checkout the latest release tag (e.g., dspace-7.0.0) using the following command:
git checkout dspace-7.0.0
Step 4: Build DSpace 7
Run the following command to build DSpace 7:
mvn clean package -DskipTests=true
This command may take several minutes to complete, depending on your machine's performance.
Step 5: Configure DSpace 7
After building DSpace 7, you'll need to configure it:
Step 6: Initialize the DSpace 7 Repository
Run the following command to initialize the DSpace 7 repository:
mvn exec:java -Dexec.mainClass="org.dspace.installer.DSpaceInstaller" -Dexec.args="--create-administrator --create-default-community"
Step 7: Start DSpace 7
Start the DSpace 7 server using the following command:
mvn jetty:run
Step 8: Access DSpace 7
Access your DSpace 7 repository by navigating to http://localhost:8080/dspace in your web browser. Log in with the administrator credentials you created earlier.
Challenges and Troubleshooting
During the installation process, you may encounter several challenges, including:
Best Practices and Recommendations
To ensure a smooth installation and ongoing maintenance of your DSpace 7 repository:
Conclusion
Installing DSpace 7 on Windows 10 requires careful attention to system requirements, software dependencies, and configuration settings. By following these steps and best practices, you can successfully install and maintain a DSpace 7 repository. While challenges may arise during the installation process, troubleshooting and resolving issues can help ensure a smooth and successful deployment. DSpace 7 offers a range of exciting features and improvements, making it an attractive choice for libraries, archives, and museums seeking to preserve and provide access to digital content.
Prerequisites
Step 1: Install Java Development Kit (JDK)
Step 2: Install Apache Maven
Step 3: Install Git
Step 4: Install PostgreSQL
Step 5: Clone the DSpace 7 Repository
Step 6: Build and Install DSpace 7
Step 7: Configure DSpace 7
Step 8: Run DSpace 7
Congratulations! You have successfully installed DSpace 7 on Windows 10.
DSpace 7 represents a massive shift in architecture, moving to a modern Angular-based frontend and a REST API backend. Installing it on Windows 10 requires a specific environment to handle its Java and Node.js dependencies.
This guide provides a step-by-step walkthrough for a local development or evaluation installation. Prerequisites and Dependencies
Before starting, ensure your Windows 10 machine has at least 8GB of RAM (16GB recommended) and the following software installed:
Java Development Kit (JDK) 11 or 17: DSpace 7 requires a 64-bit JDK. Set your JAVA_HOME environment variable.
Apache Maven 3.6+: Used for building the backend source code.
Apache Tomcat 9: The servlet container to host the REST API.
PostgreSQL 12-15: The database engine. Ensure the 'pgcrypto' extension is available.
Node.js (v16 or v18) and NPM: Required for the Angular frontend. Yarn: The preferred package manager for the frontend. Git for Windows: To clone the repositories. Solr 8.11: The search and indexing engine. Step 1: Database Setup Open pgAdmin or use the psql command line. Create a new login role named dspace with a password.
Create a new database named dspace, owned by the dspace user.
Enable the pgcrypto extension on the dspace database:CREATE EXTENSION pgcrypto; Step 2: Configure Solr
DSpace 7 requires Solr to be running as a standalone service. Download Solr 8.11.x and extract it to C:\solr.
DSpace provides specific Solr cores. You will copy the config directories from the DSpace source code (once downloaded) to your Solr server's server/solr/configsets directory. Start Solr using the command line: bin/solr.cmd start. Step 3: Install the Backend (REST API)
Clone the Source: Open PowerShell and run:git clone -b dspace-7.6 https://github.com
Configure: Navigate to dspace/config/ and copy local.cfg.EXAMPLE to local.cfg. Edit local.cfg to set your: dspace.dir: e.g., C:/dspace db.url: Connection string for PostgreSQL. solr.server: http://localhost:8983/solr Build: In the root directory, run:mvn package
Install: Navigate to dspace/target/dspace-installer and run:ant fresh_install
Deploy to Tomcat: Copy the server webapp from your C:/dspace/webapps folder into the Tomcat webapps directory, renaming it to server.war. Step 4: Install the Frontend (User Interface) Clone the UI:git clone -b dspace-7.6 https://github.com If you just want to test DSpace 7
Install Dependencies: Navigate into the folder and run:yarn install
Configure Environment: Copy src/environments/environment.common.ts to src/environments/environment.dev.ts and ensure the rest settings point to http://localhost:8080/server. Start the UI:yarn start:dev Step 5: Finalizing the Installation
Create an Administrator: You must create the first user via the backend command line. Navigate to C:/dspace/bin and run:./dspace create-administratorFollow the prompts to set an email and password. Access the Site: Frontend: http://localhost:4000 Backend (API): http://localhost:8080/server Common Troubleshooting on Windows
Memory Issues: If Maven or Node.js crashes, increase the heap size using the NODE_OPTIONS=--max_old_space_size=4096 environment variable.
Path Lengths: Windows has a 260-character path limit. Try to keep your installation directories close to the drive root (e.g., C:/ds).
File Permissions: Ensure the user running Tomcat has full "Read/Write" permissions to the C:/dspace directory.
💡 Pro Tip: For a smoother experience on Windows 10, consider using WSL2 (Windows Subsystem for Linux) with Ubuntu. It handles DSpace dependencies much more natively than a direct Windows installation.
To help you get this running smoothly, would you like the specific PostgreSQL connection string format for your local.cfg or the Tomcat memory optimization settings for Windows?
Installing DSpace 7 on Windows 10 is a multi-step process that involves setting up a backend (REST API) and a frontend (Angular UI)
. While most production instances use Linux, Windows 10 is supported for development and testing environments. LYRASIS Wiki System Requirements
Windows 10 (64-bit Professional/Education/Enterprise recommended). 2 GHz dual-core or higher. At least 4GB (8–12GB recommended for performance). Minimum 20GB free disk space. LYRASIS Wiki Step 1: Install Prerequisite Software
You must install and configure several backend and frontend tools: Install JDK 11 or 17 and set the environment variable. PostgreSQL
(version 12–17) and create a database user and database named Build Tools: Apache Maven (3.5.4+) and Apache Ant (1.10.x+). Search Engine: Apache Solr 8.x
. Unlike earlier versions, Solr must be installed separately for DSpace 7. Servlet Engine: Apache Tomcat 9 to host the backend. Frontend Tools: for the Angular UI. LYRASIS Wiki Step 2: Backend Installation (REST API) Configure Database: Enable the extension on your Build Source: Download the DSpace 7 backend source code, edit to point to your database and installation directory (e.g., ), and run mvn package Install Binaries: Navigate to the dspace-installer folder and run ant fresh_install Deploy to Tomcat: folder from your DSpace installation webapps to Tomcat's Initialize Database: dspace database migrate from the installation's LYRASIS Wiki Step 3: Frontend Installation (Angular UI) Download UI: Clone or download the dspace-angular repository. Install Dependencies: yarn install in the frontend directory. Configure: Create/edit config/config.prod.yml to point the UI to your local REST API (usually
cd C:\dspace\bin
dspace database migrate
Installing DSpace 7 on Windows 10 requires patience and careful attention to path syntax, but it is entirely achievable. The new Angular-based UI and robust REST API make it a pleasure to use once running. This guide has walked you through every critical step – from setting up Java, PostgreSQL, and Maven to building both the backend and frontend, and finally deploying to Tomcat.
Remember: the DSpace community is active and helpful. If you encounter a Windows-specific error not covered here, search the DSpace mailing lists or GitHub issues. Now go build your digital repository!
Further resources:
Last updated: 2025 – tested with DSpace 7.6.1, Tomcat 9.0.85, JDK 11.0.22, PostgreSQL 15.6, Windows 10 Pro 22H2.
Installing DSpace 7 on Windows 10 is a multi-step process involving setting up a Java-based backend (REST API) and a Node.js-based frontend (User Interface). 1. System Requirements & Prerequisites
Before starting, ensure your Windows 10 machine meets these minimum requirements:
RAM: At least 8-12GB (4GB minimum, but performance will be poor). Storage: 20GB of free disk space. Java: JDK 11 or 17 (Open JDK or Oracle JDK). Build Tools: Apache Maven 3.3+ and Apache Ant 1.10+. Database: PostgreSQL 11+ with the pgcrypto extension.
Search Engine: Apache Solr 8.9+ (DSpace 7 requires Solr to be installed separately). Web Server: Apache Tomcat 9. Frontend Tools: Node.js v16 or 18 and Yarn. 2. Configure Environment Variables
You must add the following to your system's Environment Variables (System Properties > Advanced > Environment Variables):
JAVA_HOME: Path to your JDK folder (e.g., C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-11). ANT_HOME: Path to your Ant folder. MAVEN_HOME: Path to your Maven folder.
Path Variable: Add the bin directories for Java, Ant, Maven, and PostgreSQL to your system Path. 3. Database Setup (PostgreSQL) DSpace 7 Installation Guide for Windows 10 | PDF - Scribd
While there are no formal peer-reviewed academic "papers" exclusively dedicated to installing DSpace 7 on Windows 10, there are comprehensive technical guides and studies on the benefits of upgrading to version 7.
DSpace 7 introduces a significant architectural shift, splitting into a Backend (Java-based Server API) and a Frontend (Angular-based User Interface), both of which can be installed on Windows 10. Core Installation Requirements
According to technical documentation from LYRASIS Wiki, the following software must be configured before installing DSpace 7: Java JDK: Version 11 or 17 (OpenJDK or Oracle JDK).
Database: PostgreSQL (Version 11–16 recommended) with a dedicated dspace user and database. Search Engine: Apache Solr (Version 8.11.x).
Servlet Container: Apache Tomcat (Version 9) for the backend. Build Tools: Apache Maven (3.6+) and Apache Ant (1.10+). Frontend Tools: Node.js (v16+) and Yarn. Key Installation Steps for Windows 10
Detailed procedural guides, such as those found on Scribd, outline these primary phases:
Backend Setup: Configure environment variables like JAVA_HOME, install PostgreSQL, and build the DSpace source using Maven (mvn package).
Deployment: Use Ant to install the backend binaries (ant fresh_install) to a directory like C:\dspace and move the server webapp into Tomcat's webapps folder.
Frontend Setup: Install the DSpace-Angular UI using Yarn and configure it to point to the backend's REST API.
Configuration: Update the local.cfg file to reflect your site's URL and database credentials. Recommended Alternative: Docker
For Windows 10 users, the LYRASIS Wiki strongly recommends using Docker for a "quick install." This method packages all components (Database, Solr, API, UI) into containers, avoiding manual configuration of each dependency, though it requires at least 6GB–8GB of RAM. Related Research Try out DSpace 7 - Confluence Mobile - LYRASIS Wiki
Installing DSpace 7 on Windows 10 is a multi-stage process because the software is split into two distinct parts: a Java-based Backend (REST API) and an Angular-based Frontend (User Interface). 1. Hardware & System Requirements Operating System: Windows 10 (64-bit recommended).
RAM: 8–12 GB recommended (4 GB bare minimum for local testing). Storage: At least 20 GB of free disk space. 2. Prerequisite Software
Before installing DSpace itself, you must set up the environment:
Java: JDK 11 (Oracle or OpenJDK). Set your JAVA_HOME environment variable to the JDK installation path. Database: PostgreSQL 11 or higher (v14.7 is commonly used). Build Tools: Apache Maven (v3.3+) and Apache Ant (v1.10+). Servlet Container: Apache Tomcat 9.
Search Engine: Solr 8.x (must be installed separately starting with version 7).
Frontend Requirements: Node.js (v16 or LTS) and the Yarn package manager. 3. Backend Installation Steps DSpace 7 Installation Guide for Windows 10 | PDF - Scribd
Solution: Increase Node.js memory limit:
set NODE_OPTIONS=--max_old_space_size=8192
npm start
DSpace 7 has two UIs:
Navigate to C:\dspace-src and edit the configuration files.
