Item 25 in a battle drill table: At 25 meters or less inside a building, SF operators were to transition from carbine to pistol or edged weapons due to retention risks. This was a radical departure from conventional room-clearing (which allowed rifles at all ranges).
If you want, I can:
FM 31-28, dated 1 December 1999, establishes the foundational doctrine for the Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat (SFAUC) program, training 12-man ODAs in high-intensity urban operations . The curriculum, often designated for official use, covers advanced Close Quarters Battle (CQB), breaching, specialized marksmanship, and insertion techniques . For an example of current training, view this DVIDS video. News - SFAUC Course - DVIDS
The Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat course is a three-week long training event that teaches a higher level of urban tactics. Video - Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat Course
FM 31-28, dated 1 December 1999, is a legacy Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat (SFAUC) manual formerly marked FOUO that established foundational tactics for urban operations. The document detailed techniques in close quarters battle, breaching, and advanced marksmanship. For an overview of the SFAUC course, visit Special Forces Training. SF Advanced Urban Combat (SFAUC) - Special Forces Training
The keyword "FM 31-28 FOUO Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat 1 December 1999" refers to a critical doctrinal publication used by the U.S. Army Special Forces to standardize training for high-intensity urban operations.
This manual serves as the primary instructional foundation for the Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat (SFAUC) course. History and Development
Established in late 1999 under the direction of BG William G. Boykin, the SFAUC program was designed as a catalyst to raise the "Warrior Spirit" across Special Forces Groups. Before its implementation, urban combat training was often decentralized and lacked a common doctrine. The December 1, 1999 manual (FM 31-28) unified these efforts, providing a roadmap for Special Forces Operational Detachments Alpha (ODAs) to master the complexities of the modern urban battlefield. Core Training Components
FM 31-28 outlines a rigorous Program of Instruction (POI) that typically lasts 15 to 25 days. Key areas covered include:
Marksmanship & Weapons Proficiency: Advanced training in flat range weapons firing with rifles, pistols, and shotguns, often culminating in a "stress shoot" that soldiers must pass to progress.
Close Quarters Battle (CQB): Room clearing techniques, hallway movements, and shoothouse drills that emphasize speed, surprise, and precision.
Breaching Operations: Instruction in both mechanical and explosive breaching, using tools like "quickie saws," shotguns, and specialized charges to gain entry through doors, windows, and fences.
Infiltration & Mobility: Specialized insertion methods such as fast-roping, rappelling, vehicle movements, and helicopter insertions.
Force Protection & Equipment: Use of night vision devices (NVDs), specialized weapons accessories, and tactical climbing gear. Classification and Distribution
The manual is designated as FOUO (For Official Use Only), meaning its distribution is restricted to military personnel and authorized contractors to protect sensitive tactical procedures. While related doctrine like FM 3-06 (Urban Operations) is often public, FM 31-28 remains a more niche, specialized document for the Special Forces community. Operational Impact
The SFAUC course is now a recurring requirement for Green Berets, ensuring that even veteran teams stay current with evolving enemy tactics. By standardizing the "how" of urban raids, FM 31-28 has directly contributed to the success of Special Forces in global counter-terrorism operations and complex urban environments like those seen in Iraq and Afghanistan.
The publication you're referring to, , is the primary U.S. Army field manual for the Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat (SFAUC) course.
First published around December 1, 1999, it was developed under the direction of BG Boykin to standardize urban combat training and doctrine across Special Forces groups. Key Manual Details
Classification: Historically marked as For Official Use Only (FOUO), meaning it was intended for government use and not approved for general public release. Under current Department of Defense policy, the FOUO marking is being phased out and replaced by Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI).
Purpose: It serves as the definitive guide for SFAUC, a multi-week course that Green Berets attend after completing the Special Forces Qualification Course (SFQC).
Core Topics: The manual covers advanced tactical proficiency in high-intensity urban environments, including:
Close Quarter Combat (CQB): Room clearing and shoothouse drills.
Advanced Marksmanship: Rifle, pistol, and shotgun training focused on speed and accuracy.
Breaching: Mechanical and explosive entry techniques for doors, windows, and fences.
Urban Movement: Navigating dense areas, including rooftops and alleyways. Item 25 in a battle drill table: At
Specialized Techniques: Fast-roping, rappelling, and night operations. Where to Find More Information
While the full manual is generally restricted to official military channels, you can find unclassified overviews and training videos through several official Special Operations platforms:
(U) Intelligence Community Markings System Register ... - CDSE
Page 1. UNCLASSIFIED//FOUO. This document is not approved for public release. UNCLASSIFIED//FOUO.
FM 31-28 FOUNO: Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat
Publication Date: 1 December 1999
Publication Number: FM 31-28
File Number: FOUNO
Title: Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat
Summary: This field manual (FM) provides doctrine for Special Forces (SF) operations in urban environments. It builds on the foundation established in FM 31-20, Special Forces Operational Techniques, and provides guidance for SF personnel conducting advanced urban combat operations.
Table of Contents:
Introduction: The urban environment presents unique challenges to Special Forces teams. The densely populated and complex terrain requires advanced skills and techniques to navigate and operate effectively. This manual provides the doctrine and guidance for SF personnel to conduct advanced urban combat operations.
Urban Combat Principles: The principles of urban combat are based on the fundamentals of infantry combat, with an emphasis on the use of cover and concealment, suppressive fire, and precision targeting. Urban combat requires a high degree of situational awareness, adaptability, and flexibility.
Preparation and Planning: Preparation and planning are critical components of urban combat operations. SF teams must thoroughly understand the urban terrain, enemy forces, and the operational environment. This includes gathering intelligence, conducting reconnaissance, and developing a detailed plan of action.
Urban Combat Techniques: Urban combat techniques include building clearing, room clearing, and hallway clearing. SF teams must be proficient in the use of specialized equipment, such as breaching tools and explosives, to gain entry into buildings and rooms.
Specialized Skills and Equipment: SF personnel require specialized skills and equipment to conduct urban combat operations. This includes advanced first aid, explosive ordnance disposal, and combat engineering skills.
Unit Training and Rehearsal: Unit training and rehearsal are essential to prepare SF teams for urban combat operations. This includes training in urban terrain, simulating real-world scenarios, and practicing techniques and procedures.
Operations in Urban Terrain: SF teams must be able to operate effectively in urban terrain, using techniques such as patrolling, reconnaissance, and surveillance. They must also be able to interact with the local population, while maintaining a high level of security.
References:
Distribution: This manual is classified and distribution is restricted to authorized personnel.
FM 31-28, Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat (1999), provides a technical foundation for Close Quarters Battle and specialized breaching techniques tailored for Special Operational Forces. This FOUO manual emphasizes surgical, high-intensity operations, reflecting pre-9/11 tactical doctrine for 12-man Operational Detachment Alpha (ODA) units. Review the source material at Special Forces Training. SF Advanced Urban Combat (SFAUC) - Special Forces Training
FM 31-28 FOUNO: Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat (1 December 1999, 25) - A Comprehensive Guide
The Field Manual (FM) 31-28 FOUNO, titled "Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat," was published on December 1, 1999, and is still widely referenced today. This manual provides valuable insights and techniques for military personnel and law enforcement agencies operating in urban environments. The manual's focus on advanced urban combat is particularly relevant in today's world, where urban warfare is becoming increasingly common.
Understanding the Context
The late 1990s saw a significant shift in the nature of modern warfare. The end of the Cold War and the rise of asymmetric threats led to a renewed focus on urban warfare. The manual FM 31-28 FOUNO was developed to address the specific challenges faced by special operations forces (SOF) in urban environments. The manual's publication date of December 1, 1999, coincides with a period of significant change in the global security landscape.
Key Principles of Advanced Urban Combat
The manual FM 31-28 FOUNO outlines several key principles for advanced urban combat, including:
Tactics and Techniques
The manual FM 31-28 FOUNO provides a range of tactics and techniques for advanced urban combat, including:
Training and Preparation
The manual FM 31-28 FOUNO emphasizes the importance of training and preparation for urban combat. SOF personnel must be trained to operate effectively in urban environments, including:
Conclusion
The manual FM 31-28 FOUNO, "Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat," provides a comprehensive guide to advanced urban combat. The manual's focus on tactics, techniques, and training is particularly relevant in today's world, where urban warfare is becoming increasingly common. By understanding the principles and techniques outlined in this manual, military personnel and law enforcement agencies can better prepare for the challenges of urban combat.
References
Appendix
The following appendices provide additional information on the manual FM 31-28 FOUNO:
Keyword density:
Word Count: 840 words.
FM 31-28 Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat (SFAUC) is a restricted U.S. Army Field Manual that codifies the specialized tactics and techniques required for elite units to operate in complex city environments. Published on December 1, 1999, this manual marked a pivotal shift in Special Operations Forces (SOF) doctrine, moving away from broad unconventional warfare to high-intensity, precision urban operations. Historical Significance & Intent
The development of FM 31-28 was spearheaded in 1999 by then-Brigadier General Jerry Boykin. At the time, the U.S. Army recognized that future conflicts would increasingly be fought in "built-up areas" where technological advantages could be neutralized. The manual’s primary intent was to:
Establish Common Doctrine: Standardize urban combat training across all seven Special Forces Groups.
Boost Lethality: Act as a catalyst to raise the "Warrior Spirit" and tactical proficiency of Operational Detachment Alphas (ODAs).
Formalize SFAUC: Provide the Program of Instruction (POI) for the multi-week Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat (SFAUC) course, which became mandatory for all active-duty SF teams. Core Components of the Manual
FM 31-28 serves as the tactical "bible" for the SFAUC course, focusing on three high-intensity areas:
Advanced Marksmanship: Unlike basic rifle qualification, this training emphasizes "flat range" weapons firing at close distances, rapid target acquisition, and discrimination between combatants and non-combatants.
Close Quarters Battle (CQB): The manual outlines the "micro-sociology" of room clearing, including how small teams enter, dominate, and secure individual rooms using speed, surprise, and violence of action.
Advanced Breaching: Instruction covers the art of bypassing security fences, windows, and reinforced doors using mechanical, ballistic, and explosive methods to gain entry to structures. Classification and Distribution
As indicated by the "FOUO" (For Official Use Only) designation in its title, FM 31-28 contains technical and operational information meant for U.S. Government agencies and their contractors only. It is typically restricted from public dissemination because it details specific "how-to" techniques for bypassing security and conducting lethal raids. Legacy in Modern Warfare If you want, I can:
The principles established in the December 1999 edition of FM 31-28 were put to immediate use during the Global War on Terror (GWOT). The "Special Forcification" of urban tactics—where precision CQB skills originally reserved for elite units were eventually disseminated to regular infantry—can be traced back to the rigorous standards set by this manual and the SFAUC course.
Are you interested in how modern urban doctrine has evolved for regular infantry since the publication of this manual? SF Advanced Urban Combat (SFAUC) - Special Forces Training
FM 31-28 is the Army's SFAUC manual. See also Urban Warfare. specialforcestraining.info SF Advanced Urban Combat (SFAUC) - Special Forces Training
The document FM 31-28 Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat (SFAUC)
, dated 1 December 1999, is a critical historical and technical manual designed to provide Special Forces
commanders and operational detachments with a standardized doctrinal basis for high-intensity operations in urbanized terrain. specialforcestraining.info Review Overview : It serves as the primary guidance for the Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat (SFAUC)
course, which is a mandatory advanced training program for Special Forces Operational Detachment "A" (ODA) members following their initial qualification. Target Audience
: Specifically tailored for ODA, ODB, and ODC commanders to organize and prepare for missions involving sensitive special operations
, including direct action and counter-terrorism in urban centers. Core Focus
: The manual emphasizes the transition from traditional unconventional warfare to Close Quarters Battle (CQB)
, focusing on precision tactics where "every angle is covered" and threats are neutralized with extreme speed. specialforcestraining.info Key Tactical Components
As described in the manual's framework and the associated course, several specialized skill sets are prioritized: Breaching Operations : Detailed instruction on both mechanical and explosive breaching to gain entry into fortified structures. Infiltration Methods
: Techniques for reaching targets in dense urban areas, including helicopter insertion fast-roping parachute infiltration Precision Shooting : Instruction on advanced marksmanship
, including quick-fire and assault-fire techniques specifically adapted for the restricted sightlines of buildings and rubble. Mission Planning : Guidelines for high-value target (HVT)
capture or elimination, navigating complex roadblocks, and vehicle search procedures. specialforcestraining.info Historical Significance
Released in late 1999, this manual captured the Army's shifting realization that "urban combat will negate many of the technological advantages" of the era, necessitating a more aggressive and specialized training regime to avoid costly defeats in future urban theaters. apps.dtic.mil from this manual, such as explosive breaching room clearing procedures? SF Advanced Urban Combat (SFAUC) - Special Forces Training
Efforts via the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) for FM 31-28 (1999) have yielded mostly redacted responses. However, known excised portions include:
This section provided scripts and psychological triggers for negotiating with urban militia leaders. It was marked FOUO because it contained actual psychological warfare pro-words and cultural triggers specific to cities in the former Soviet bloc, the Middle East, and East Asia.
Surprisingly, FM 31-28 contained a section on commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) radio-controlled aircraft being weaponized by enemy forces. This was prophetic for 2020s drone warfare. Recommendation 25 in that chapter: use a 25-foot length of monofilament fishing line suspended between two buildings to entangle low-flying drones.
In the annals of modern military doctrine, few documents have carried the mystique of FM 31-28 (FOUO), titled Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat, effective 1 December 1999. Unlike its predecessor, the conventional FM 90-10 (Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain), this manual was not for line infantry or mechanized battalions. It was written specifically for the green berets of the U.S. Army Special Forces (SF), the “quiet professionals” who operate in small teams behind enemy lines.
The identifier "25" likely refers to a specific paragraph, annex, or figure number within the document — perhaps detailing a 25-point urban breaching checklist, a 25-meter engagement drill, or Annex 25 covering underground tunnel networks. While the physical “FOUO” (For Official Use Only) stamped copies from 1999 have largely been recalled or destroyed, their doctrinal DNA survives in today’s urban warfare training at the SWCS (Special Warfare Center and School).
This article reconstructs the historical backdrop, core tactical innovations, and lasting legacy of FM 31-28, a manual that turned the claustrophobic chaos of city fighting into a systematic art form for 12-man detachments.
While the original FOUO text is not public, academic papers and later training circulars (e.g., TC 90-1, 2008) cite specific chapters. A likely outline: