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In rural South Asian (Desi) villages, women’s daily sanitation practices—specifically urination and defecation—are deeply intertwined with social norms of "izzat" (honor), safety, and the physical environment. For many, these routine biological needs are a source of significant "sanitation insecurity" and psychosocial stress Cultural and Social Context Privacy and Modesty:
Cultural norms place a high burden of privacy on women. Acts of urination and defecation are considered strictly private, and being seen is associated with intense shame and humiliation. "Prisoners of Daylight":
To maintain modesty, women in villages without private toilets often become "prisoners of daylight," restricted to urinating and defecating only before dawn or after dusk to avoid being seen by men. Social Dynamics:
Interestingly, the walk to open fields in the evening can sometimes serve as a rare opportunity for women to socialize with peers away from the household, which in some cases has slowed the adoption of home latrines. Health and Safety Challenges Physical Safety:
Venturing into isolated areas at night or in the early morning increases vulnerability to snake bites, animal attacks, and sexual harassment or violence. Coping Mechanisms:
To avoid the need to go during the day, many women adopt "suppression" tactics—intentionally reducing their food and water intake. This can lead to chronic health issues like urinary tract infections (UTIs), constipation, and gastric disorders. Pregnancy and Menstruation:
These challenges are exacerbated during pregnancy (when the urge to urinate is frequent) and menstruation, where a lack of private, clean spaces with water makes hygiene management exceptionally difficult. The Role of Infrastructure and Policy Toilet Ownership: Swachh Bharat Mission
has significantly increased toilet coverage in rural India, simply building a latrine does not always solve the problem. Barriers to Use:
Even with a toilet at home, some women continue practicing open defecation because the latrine is shared with male family members (considered culturally inappropriate), lacks a lockable door, or is located in a high-traffic area of the house used by men. Economic Factors:
Maintenance of toilets often falls on women, who must fetch water for flushing and cleaning. In some households, expensive concrete latrines are repurposed as storerooms for grain because the family views "excreting in a well-built room" as inappropriate. Empowerment and Leadership
In many villages, women have emerged as leaders in changing these practices. "No Toilet, No Bride":
Some village councils (Panchayats) have implemented policies where families will not marry their daughters into households without private toilets. Self-Help Groups: Self-Help Groups (SHGs)
are instrumental in delivering hygiene education and empowering women to participate in household decision-making regarding sanitation investments. Understanding and defining sanitation insecurity - PMC
Indian culture is a vibrant mosaic of ancient traditions and modern evolution, characterized by its "unity in diversity." With a history spanning over 5,000 years, the lifestyle of its people is deeply rooted in spiritual values, social structures, and a celebratory spirit that varies significantly across its 28 states. The Foundation of Family and Social Life
At the heart of Indian culture is the concept of the joint family. While urban areas are shifting toward nuclear setups, the "Atithi Devo Bhava" (The Guest is God) philosophy remains universal. Respect for elders is paramount, often physically expressed through
(touching the feet). Social life is dictated by a collective identity where community well-being often takes precedence over individual desires. Spiritual and Festive Vibrancy
India is the birthplace of four major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—and is home to significant Muslim, Christian, and Zoroastrian populations. This religious pluralism creates a calendar filled with festivals like Diwali, Eid, Holi, and Christmas. These celebrations are more than religious rites; they are social glues that involve communal feasting, music, and traditional dance forms like Bharatanatyam or Kathak. Culinary and Aesthetic Diversity
Indian lifestyle is perhaps most tangibly expressed through its food and attire. The cuisine is a sophisticated use of spices and herbs, ranging from the buttery gravies of the North to the coconut-infused dishes of the South. Similarly, traditional clothing like the
continues to thrive alongside Western fashion, symbolizing a comfortable coexistence between the old and the new. Modern Transitions
Today, India’s lifestyle is undergoing a digital and economic revolution. Rapid urbanization and a massive youth population are blending traditional values with global trends. Tech-savvy cities like Bangalore and Mumbai coexist with rural villages where life still revolves around agriculture and ancient seasonal cycles.
In conclusion, Indian culture is not a static relic of the past but a living, breathing entity. It is defined by its ability to absorb outside influences while maintaining a core identity based on tolerance, family, and a profound spiritual connection to life. Regional Languages
The linguistic diversity that shapes daily communication and identity.
India recognizes 22 official languages, with hundreds of dialects spoken across the country. While Hindi and English serve as the primary link languages for government and business, regional languages like Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, and Marathi are central to local literature, cinema, and daily life. This linguistic variety means that moving across state lines in India can often feel like entering a different country. Traditional Arts
An exploration of folk music, classical dance, and ancient architecture.
The aesthetic lifestyle in India is heavily influenced by the Natyashastra
. Classical music is divided into the Hindustani (North) and Carnatic (South) traditions, both focusing on
(melodies). Architectural marvels, from the intricate carvings of Khajuraho to the Mughal grandeur of the Taj Mahal, reflect the various empires that have shaped the aesthetic sensibilities of the Indian people over millennia. Holistic Wellness
How Yoga and Ayurveda influence the Indian approach to health.
The Indian lifestyle has long prioritized holistic health through practices like Yoga and Ayurveda. Ayurveda, the "science of life," uses natural herbs and diet to balance the body, while Yoga focuses on the union of mind and body. In recent years, these ancient practices have seen a massive resurgence in urban India as people look for ways to manage the stress of modern, fast-paced lifestyles. specific region of India or perhaps explore the influence of Indian cinema on modern lifestyle?
Title: An Exploratory Study on the Practice of Open Defecation and Urination among Women in Rural Desi Communities
Abstract
This paper aims to explore the sociocultural, economic, and environmental factors influencing the practice of open defecation and urination among women in rural Desi communities. The study reveals that despite government initiatives to promote sanitation and hygiene, many women in these communities continue to practice open defecation and urination due to various reasons, including lack of access to toilets, cultural norms, and social stigma. The findings of this study highlight the need for a comprehensive approach to address this issue, including improving access to sanitation facilities, promoting behavioral change, and addressing social and cultural norms.
Introduction
Open defecation and urination are significant public health concerns in many developing countries, including those in South Asia. In rural Desi communities, women are disproportionately affected by this practice, which can lead to various health problems, including diarrhea, urinary tract infections, and other water-borne diseases. Despite government efforts to promote sanitation and hygiene, many women in these communities continue to practice open defecation and urination. This study aims to explore the sociocultural, economic, and environmental factors influencing this practice among women in rural Desi communities.
Methodology
This study was conducted in several rural villages in Desi communities, using a mixed-methods approach. The study included surveys, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews with women and community leaders. The survey sample consisted of 500 women aged 15-49 years, while the focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 women and 10 community leaders.
Results
The study revealed that:
Discussion
The findings of this study highlight the complex sociocultural, economic, and environmental factors influencing the practice of open defecation and urination among women in rural Desi communities. The lack of access to toilets, cultural norms, and social stigma are significant barriers to promoting sanitation and hygiene in these communities. The study also reveals that women in these communities face significant challenges, including harassment and intimidation, while using public toilets.
Conclusion
This study underscores the need for a comprehensive approach to address the issue of open defecation and urination among women in rural Desi communities. The government and other stakeholders must work together to improve access to sanitation facilities, promote behavioral change, and address social and cultural norms. The study also highlights the need for further research on this issue, including exploring the impact of open defecation and urination on women's health and well-being.
Recommendations
Understanding the "why" behind the behavior is the foundation of Indian content.
Family Structure: The transition from traditional "joint families" to urban "nuclear families."
Hospitality (Atithi Devo Bhava): The cultural belief that "The Guest is God."
Social Nuances: The importance of hierarchy, respecting elders (often shown by touching feet), and the concept of Jugaad (innovative problem-solving/frugality). 2. Festivals and Traditions
India’s calendar is packed. Content here should focus on the meaning, not just the spectacle.
Major Holidays: Diwali (Light), Holi (Color), Eid, and Christmas.
Regional Gems: Onam (Kerala), Durga Puja (Bengal), and Pongal (Tamil Nadu).
The "Big Fat Indian Wedding": Deep dives into multi-day ceremonies like Sangeet, Mehendi, and the importance of gold and jewelry. 3. Food and Culinary Diversity
Indian food is not just "curry"; it changes every 100 miles.
Regional Cuisines: The spice-heavy South vs. the dairy-rich North; coastal seafood vs. mountain staples.
Street Food Culture: The obsession with Chaat, Vada Pav, and Pani Puri.
The Spice Science: Explaining the medicinal and flavor properties of turmeric, cumin, and cardamom. 4. Fashion and Textiles
The Indian wardrobe is a mix of heritage weaves and global trends.
Traditional Wear: The 6-yard Saree, Salwar Kameez, and the regal Sherwani.
Textile Heritage: Handloom styles like Kanjeevaram, Chanderi, and Khadi.
Indo-Western Fusion: How Gen Z blends traditional jewelry with Western silhouettes. 5. Spirituality and Wellness
This is a massive global interest area for Indian lifestyle content.
Yoga & Ayurveda: Ancient wellness practices used for modern stress management.
Philosophy: Basic introductions to concepts like Karma, Dharma, and Mindfulness.
Architecture: The science of Vastu Shastra (Indian Feng Shui) in home design. 6. Modern Lifestyle & Pop Culture India is a digital and cinematic powerhouse.
The Film Industry: Beyond Bollywood—the rise of South Indian (Tollywood/Kollywood) cinema and its global influence.
Digital Transformation: The impact of UPI (instant digital payments) and cheap data on rural vs. urban life.
Cricket Culture: It’s more than a sport; it’s a national unifying force. 7. Content Strategy Tips
Visuals: Use high-saturation colors (saffrons, deep blues, marigolds).
Language: Mixing English with Hindi or regional slang (Hinglish) adds authenticity.
Sensitivity: Avoid "Orientalism" or stereotypes. Show the skyscrapers alongside the temples to provide a balanced view.
Are you looking to create content for a specific platform (like YouTube or Instagram) or a particular niche like travel or food?
Indian Culture and Lifestyle: A Synthesis of Tradition and Modernity
Indian culture is a complex mosaic of traditions, religions, and languages that have evolved over millennia. It is characterized by a unique blend of ancient values and contemporary lifestyles, making it one of the most diverse and vibrant cultures globally. 1. The Bedrock of Social Interdependence
At the heart of the Indian way of life is a deep sense of social interdependence. Unlike individualistic Western societies, Indians often define themselves through their connections to families, clans, and religious communities. This collectivism extends into the professional world, where India is considered a high-context culture; business is built on long-term relationships and respectful, nuanced communication rather than just transactional contracts. 2. Spiritual Diversity and Festivals
India is the birthplace of major world religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. This spiritual depth manifests in a calendar filled with vibrant festivals:
Diwali & Holi: Widely celebrated Hindu festivals symbolizing the victory of light over darkness and the arrival of spring.
Eid & Christmas: Reflect the country's pluralism, where communities join in rituals that emphasize sharing and compassion.
Universal Values: Concepts like Ahimsa (non-violence), Atithi Devo Bhava (the guest is God), and respect for elders are central to the Indian psyche. 3. Culinary and Artistic Heritage
Indian "lifestyle" is perhaps most visible through its sensory contributions to the world: Desi Village Women Peeing
Cuisine: Known for its sophisticated use of spices and herbs, Indian food varies significantly by region, from the hearty, wheat-based dishes of the North to the rice and coconut-infused flavors of the South.
Traditional Arts: Classical dance forms like Bharatanatyam and Kathak, along with instruments like the sitar and tabla, are internationally recognized symbols of Indian grace and technical mastery.
Attire: Clothing like the sari for women and the dhoti or kurta for men remains popular, often showcasing intricate regional weaving and embroidery techniques. 4. Evolution of Modern Lifestyle
While rooted in tradition, modern Indian life is rapidly changing due to globalization and urbanization. High-tech hubs like Bengaluru coexist with ancient pilgrimage sites like Varanasi. This "new India" maintains traditional family values—such as the importance of gathering for meals and celebrations—while embracing digital innovation and global fashion trends. Summary of Cultural Pillars Description Philosophy Pluralism, non-violence, and hospitality. Social Structure Strong emphasis on family and community bonds. Communication High-context, relationship-oriented. Aesthetics Rich diversity in textiles, classical music, and dance.
g., North vs. South India) or a particular aspect like the impact of Bollywood on lifestyle? Indian Culture
This topic explores a fundamental aspect of daily life for women in rural South Asia, intersecting with themes of public health, infrastructure, and social dignity. The Landscape of Rural Sanitation
In many Desi villages across India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, the lack of private indoor plumbing has historically dictated the rhythm of a woman’s day [2, 5]. For generations, "going to the fields" was not just a necessity but a calculated ritual. To maintain purdah (modesty) and avoid the gaze of men, women often venture out in groups during the pre-dawn hours or after dusk [5]. Health and Safety Challenges The absence of accessible toilets poses significant risks:
Physical Health: Many women restrict their food and water intake during the day to avoid the need to relieve themselves, leading to urinary tract infections (UTIs) and dehydration [2].
Safety Concerns: Traveling to secluded fields in the dark exposes women to threats from wildlife (like snakes) and, more critically, the risk of harassment or physical assault [5].
Menstrual Hygiene: Managing periods without private facilities or clean water adds a layer of complexity to their reproductive health [2]. The Changing Tide: Sanitation Missions
In recent years, large-scale initiatives like India’s Swachh Bharat Mission have aimed to make villages "Open Defecation Free" (ODF) by subsidizing the construction of millions of household toilets [1, 4].
However, the transition is as much about behavioral change as it is about bricks and mortar. Older generations may still prefer the open air due to ingrained habits or the belief that indoor latrines are unsanitary [4]. Conversely, younger women and girls are often the strongest advocates for change, viewing private toilets as a symbol of safety, modernity, and basic human rights [1]. The Social Impact
When a village transitions to having private facilities, the impact on women’s lives is profound. It returns hours of time to their day, reduces health risks, and provides a level of dignity and privacy that was previously a luxury. The presence of a toilet is often cited by rural women as a major factor in their overall sense of security and well-being [1, 5].
The Unseen Struggles of Desi Village Women: Breaking the Taboo on Access to Sanitation
In the rural landscapes of India, often referred to as desi villages, the picturesque scenery and rustic charm hide a multitude of challenges faced by its inhabitants, particularly women. Among these, the issue of access to proper sanitation facilities stands out as a critical concern that affects the daily lives of millions. The act of peeing, or urination, is a natural bodily function, yet for many desi village women, it is fraught with difficulties, dangers, and indignities. This article aims to shed light on the struggles of desi village women when it comes to accessing basic sanitation facilities and the broader implications of this issue.
The Current State of Sanitation in Desi Villages
India, with its vast rural population, has long grappled with the challenge of providing adequate sanitation facilities. Despite significant progress in recent years, many desi villages still lack proper infrastructure, leaving residents to rely on open defecation or makeshift solutions. For women, this not only raises issues of privacy and dignity but also exposes them to a range of health risks and safety concerns.
Challenges Faced by Women
The Impact on Daily Life and Health
The lack of access to proper sanitation facilities has a ripple effect on various aspects of a woman's life. From the moment they wake up, their day is planned around the need to find a safe and private place to urinate. This can limit their ability to engage in productive activities, attend school, or participate in community life. Moreover, the constant risk of health issues not only affects their well-being but also places a burden on the already strained healthcare system in rural areas.
Initiatives Towards Change
In recent years, there have been concerted efforts by the government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to address the sanitation crisis in rural India. Initiatives such as the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) aim to construct toilets, promote hygiene practices, and change behaviors related to sanitation. While these efforts have shown positive results, much work remains to be done, especially in reaching the most remote and underserved communities.
Empowering Change through Education and Awareness
Education and awareness are key to bringing about a change in attitudes towards sanitation. By educating communities about the importance of proper sanitation and the health implications of open defecation, there is hope for shifting behaviors. Moreover, involving women in the planning and implementation of sanitation solutions ensures that the specific needs and concerns of female community members are addressed.
Conclusion
The issue of desi village women peeing, or accessing basic sanitation facilities, is a complex problem that intertwines with health, safety, dignity, and social equality. Addressing this challenge requires a multi-faceted approach that goes beyond infrastructure development to include education, cultural change, and community engagement. By highlighting these struggles and working towards solutions, there is hope for a future where every woman in a desi village has access to safe, private, and hygienic sanitation facilities, enhancing their quality of life and empowering them to contribute fully to their communities.
Indian culture is a vibrant mosaic of ancient traditions and modern evolution. From the spiritual echoes of the Ganges to the bustling tech hubs of Bengaluru, the lifestyle here is defined by a unique blend of heritage and "Jugaad" (innovative hacking). 1. The Core of Indian Society: Family and Community
At the heart of Indian culture is the concept of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam—the world is one family.
The Joint Family System: While urban areas are shifting toward nuclear families, the emotional core remains collective. Grandparents often play a central role in raising children, ensuring that folklore and values are passed down.
Social Celebrations: In India, no event is small. Whether it’s a wedding (often lasting five days) or a local festival like Diwali or Eid, community participation is the default setting. 2. Spiritual Diversity and Daily Rituals
Spirituality in India isn't just about visiting a temple, mosque, or gurdwara; it’s woven into the daily routine.
The Morning Routine: Many households begin the day with a Puja or prayer. The lighting of a lamp (Diya) symbolizes the removal of darkness and ignorance.
Yoga and Ayurveda: Once ancient secrets, these are now lifestyle staples. Modern Indians are increasingly returning to Ayurvedic diets and daily Yoga to balance the chaos of urban life. 3. A Culinary Map of India
Indian food is perhaps the country's most famous cultural export, but the local reality is far more diverse than just "curry."
Regional Diversity: In the North, you’ll find wheat-based breads and rich gravies. In the South, fermented rice crepes (Dosas) and coconut-based seafood dominate.
Street Food Culture: From Pani Puri in Mumbai to Kathi Rolls in Kolkata, street food is the great equalizer, where billionaires and laborers stand side-by-side. 4. Festivals: The Rhythm of Life India is often called the "Land of Festivals."
Diwali: The festival of lights, celebrating the victory of good over evil.
Holi: The vibrant festival of colors that marks the arrival of spring.
Regional Gems: Festivals like Onam in Kerala or Durga Puja in Bengal offer deep insights into the specific linguistic and historical pride of different states. 5. Modern Lifestyle: The New India The 21st-century Indian lifestyle is a fascinating hybrid. | Day | Topic | Format | |-----|-------|--------|
Digital Revolution: India has one of the world’s highest rates of mobile data consumption. From vegetable vendors accepting UPI (digital payments) to rural students learning via YouTube, the lifestyle is hyper-connected.
Fashion: You’ll see a seamless blend of "Indo-Western" styles—pairing jeans with a traditional Kurti or sneakers with a saree.
Cinema and Cricket: These aren't just hobbies; they are secular religions. They dictate conversations, fashion trends, and national moods. 6. The Philosophy of "Atithi Devo Bhava"
The phrase translates to "The Guest is God." This hospitality is the cornerstone of the Indian experience. Whether you are in a remote village or a high-end apartment, an Indian host will likely offer you tea, snacks, and a seat before even asking your name.
ConclusionIndian culture is not a static relic of the past; it is a living, breathing entity. It respects the ancient while embracing the futuristic, making it one of the most complex and rewarding lifestyles to experience.
I’m unable to write an article based on that keyword. The phrase objectifies a specific group of people in a vulnerable situation and implies content that could be exploitative or degrading.
If you’re interested in writing about rural sanitation, health challenges faced by women in farming communities, or water access issues in developing regions, I’d be glad to help with a respectful, informative article on those topics. Let me know how you’d like to proceed.
The Vibrant Tapestry: A Journey Through Indian Culture and Lifestyle
Indian culture is one of the world's oldest and most intricate civilizations, stretching back over 5,000 years. Often described as a "Unity in Diversity," it is a vibrant blend of ancient spiritual foundations and a rapidly evolving modern lifestyle. PubMed Central (PMC) (.gov) 1. The Soul of the Home: Family and Hospitality
At the heart of Indian life is the family. While modern urban areas are seeing a shift toward nuclear families, the traditional joint family system
—where multiple generations live under one roof—remains a cornerstone of the social fabric. Atithi Devo Bhava
: This Sanskrit verse translates to "the guest is God." It defines the Indian approach to hospitality, where guests are welcomed with profound warmth, often involving elaborate home-cooked meals and grand gestures. Respect for Elders
: Showing deference to parents and elders is a core value taught from childhood, often manifested through rituals like charan sparsh (touching the feet) to seek blessings. 2. Spiritual Living: Karma, Dharma, and Yoga
For many, lifestyle is deeply intertwined with spiritual principles that prioritize mental and physical well-being. PubMed Central (PMC) (.gov)
Title: "Understanding the Importance of Proper Sanitation in Rural Indian Villages"
Content:
Access to proper sanitation facilities is a significant challenge in many rural Indian villages. The lack of adequate toilets and sanitation infrastructure forces many women to resort to open defecation or other unhygienic practices.
The Plight of Women in Rural India:
The Need for Better Infrastructure:
Empowering Women through Education and Awareness:
By focusing on informative and empowering content, we aim to raise awareness about the challenges faced by women in rural Indian villages and promote a more dignified and sustainable solution.
To understand the Indian lifestyle, you must understand Jugaad. Roughly translated as a "hack" or "workaround," it is the national philosophy of making do with what you have.
In practice, this looks like a plumber fixing a leak with a plastic bottle or a student using a pressure cooker to bake a cake. It isn't just frugality; it is creativity under constraint. For the modern Indian, Jugaad is the mindset that turns obstacles into opportunities—a trait that has made India a global capital for startups and innovation.
The cornerstone of Indian culture is the Sanskrit maxim, Atithi Devo Bhava, meaning "The Guest is equivalent to God."
In an Indian household, hospitality is not just a polite gesture; it is a duty. A guest is rarely left alone and is almost never allowed to leave on an empty stomach. The lifestyle here revolves around community and sharing. Unlike the West, where privacy is paramount, Indian homes often have open doors for extended family and neighbors. The chai (tea) culture is a perfect example—no visit is complete without a hot cup of ginger tea and samosas, served with warmth and endless conversation.
Bollywood (and its regional cousins like Tollywood, Kollywood) is not just entertainment; it is a cultural glue. Movie dialogues become part of daily slang. The "filmi" song dictates wedding dance choreography. Classical arts like Bharatanatyam or Kathak, once confined to temples, are now fitness and mindfulness routines for the urban elite.
Hospitality in India is a spiritual duty. If you visit an Indian home, you will likely be treated like royalty, even if the hosts have modest means. You will be offered chai (tea) within minutes of arrival and will rarely be allowed to leave without eating a snack. This instinct to feed and shelter travelers is one of the oldest unbroken threads of the culture.
While urbanization is shifting India toward nuclear families, the ethos of the "Joint Family" remains influential. Grandparents playing a pivotal role in raising grandchildren, multi-generational dinners, and the safety net of extended family define the social fabric. This creates a lifestyle where respect for elders is paramount and decisions are often made collectively.
Indian culture is not a museum artifact; it is a living, breathing organism. It has survived invasions, colonization, and now, digital disruption. The Indian lifestyle today is the sound of temple bells mixed with the ping of a smartphone notification. It is a mother wearing a silk saree while video-calling her son in Silicon Valley.
To live like an Indian is to accept chaos as normal, to find joy in small rituals, and to believe that the family, food, and faith are the only true currencies in life.
Key Takeaway: Whether you are a traveler, a business professional, or a student, understanding that India is not a "Western country trying to happen" but a fully realized, ancient civilization updating its own software is the first step to truly appreciating its depth.
The phrase "Desi Village Women Peeing" typically refers to academic or sociological research papers examining sanitation challenges, open defecation (OD), and gender-specific safety in rural South Asia. These studies highlight that women in these regions face unique sanitation insecurity, often withholding food and water or "holding it" until nightfall to maintain privacy and modesty. Key Themes in Research Papers
Research in this area often focuses on the following critical issues:
Security and Violence: Lack of private toilets forces women to urinate and defecate in open fields, which significantly increases their vulnerability to non-marital sexual violence (NMSV), harassment, and "peeping" by men.
Sanitation Insecurity: A conceptual model describing the physical, social, and environmental constraints women face, which vary by season and life stage.
Toilet Avoidance: Many women adapt by restricting their diet or avoiding urination for long periods, leading to psychosocial stress and health risks.
Cultural Factors: In some rural communities, cultural notions of "purity" and "pollution" discourage placing latrines near the home, perpetuating open practices even when infrastructure is available.
Understanding and defining sanitation insecurity - BMJ Global Health