| Commodity | Main Origin(s) | Transit Pathways Through the Arab World | Key Destinations | |-----------|----------------|------------------------------------------|------------------| | Cocaine | Colombia, Peru | West‑African coast → Mauritania/Morocco → Iberian Peninsula → Gulf (UAE, Qatar) via maritime containers; also via air cargo through Dubai. | Europe, USA, Gulf states. | | Heroin | Afghanistan, Pakistan (Golden Crescent) | Overland through Iran → Iraq → Syria → Lebanon → Mediterranean; also via Red Sea (Yemen, Sudan) to Gulf ports. | Europe, Gulf, North Africa. | | Synthetic Opioids (Fentanyl, analogues) | China, Southeast Asia | Air freight through Dubai, Doha, Riyadh; hidden in electronics or pharma shipments. | High‑income Gulf markets, Europe. | | Cannabis/Hashish | Morocco, Lebanon | Direct export via maritime routes to Europe; intra‑regional smuggling to GCC via land crossings (Saudi‑Yemen, Saudi‑Jordan). | Europe, Gulf, North Africa. | | New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) | Europe & Asia | E‑commerce platforms; shipments concealed in personal luggage and postal parcels. | Urban centers (Riyadh, Cairo, Tunis). |
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| Period | Milestones | |--------|------------| | 1970s‑1980s | First Arab‑wide drug‑control statutes; creation of national anti‑narcotics bureaus (e.g., Saudi Arabia’s General Directorate of Narcotics). | | 1990s | Arab League establishes the Committee on the Fight Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1995). | | 2000‑2010 | Rise of synthetic drug trafficking; GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) launches joint intelligence sharing. | | 2011‑Present | Arab Spring destabilises several states, widening smuggling corridors; emergence of “dark web” drug markets; increased emphasis on treatment & rehabilitation. | | Commodity | Main Origin(s) | Transit Pathways
| Body | Member States | Main Functions | Recent Outputs | |------|---------------|----------------|----------------| | Arab League Anti‑Drug Committee (ALADC) | 22 Arab League members (excludes Israel) | Policy harmonisation, technical assistance, capacity building, annual Arab Drug Report. | 2023 Arab Drug Report – highlighted a 38 % rise in synthetic opioid seizures. | | Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Anti‑Drug Coordination Center | Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE | Joint operations, shared databases, training of customs & police. | 2022 “Operation Desert Shield” – intercepted 1,250 kg of cocaine in the Arabian Gulf. | | Maghreb‑Arab Economic Forum (MAEF) Drug Sub‑Committee | Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia | Economic impact studies, cross‑border customs cooperation. | 2021 pilot program on “Alternative Livelihoods for Cannabis‑Cultivating Communities” in Morocco. | | UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) – Arab Regional Hub | Works with all Arab states | Technical assistance, data collection, capacity building, funding for treatment. | 2022 grant of US$12 M for “Regional Harm‑Reduction Network”. | | Body | Member States | Main Functions
